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Patrimonialisation et tourisme dans le Pacifique sud : le cas d'Ouvéa (Nouvelle-Calédonie)
Cependant, la réalité sur le terrain affiche déjà des résultats contrastés : la prise de conscience patrimoniale conduit à une forme de sanctuarisation et la valorisation du patrimoine ne se traduit pas en terme de développement économique. L'ouverture programmée de ce sanctuaire aux atouts indéniables est confrontée à ses limites. Quels sont les principaux freins au développement touristique ? Dans le cas d'un essor du tourisme, saura-t-on maintenir l'équilibre que les habitants d'Ouvéa ont su tisser avec leur fragile environnement ? Quels sont les risques qui pèsent aujourd'hui sur cet héritage ? Cette ouverture va-t-elle accélérer la perte des traditions et mettre certains patrimoines en situation de risque ou, au contraire, peut-elle contribuer à leur protection ?
Abstract. Ouvéa is a small atoll located in New Caledonia's Loyalty archipelago in the South Pacific. Ouvéa's lagoons have been included in Unesco's World Heritage List since 2008.Up until that point, the atoll had remained untouched by the economic development and tourist attention that the Caledonian territory had experienced over the two previous decades. Ouvéa's inhabitants have steadily been emigrating towards Nouméa, the only urban area in New Caledonia, and its economy remains heavily dependant on external aid. Its public authorities are pinning their hopes of development on Unesco in order to open up the area and build up Ouvéa's resources through tourism.
However, the present situation has already revealed mixed results: the new awareness of cultural heritage has led to a form of isolation and has not translated to economic development. The project of opening up this undeniably valuable sanctuary presents several setbacks, and the following questions should be asked: what are the obstacles to the development of tourism in Ouvéa? If tourism develops, will it be possible to maintain the equilibrium that the inhabitants of Ouvéa have carefully established with their fragile environment? What are the risks that currently threaten their cultural heritage? Is it going to accelerate the loss of ancestral knowledge and traditions? Or will it actually contribute to their preservation?
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